Ledger · Sovereign borrowing
Kenya had USD 35.6 billion in public and publicly guaranteed external debt at the end of 2024 in the World Bank series. Ghana reported USD 25.6 billion and Zambia USD 15.5 billion.
Sources checked
This is public and publicly guaranteed external debt. The bars use billions of current US dollars.
The Australian Office of Financial Management reported A$995.9 billion of securities on issue on 28 October 2026. Fixed-rate Treasury Bonds accounted for A$900.1 billion, with A$41.8 billion in Treasury Indexed Bonds and A$54 billion in Treasury Notes. The figures can be compared with two earlier snapshots from the agency’s investor packs.
Brazil’s reported federal public debt rose to R$9.383 trillion in September 2026. The share maturing within 12 months increased to 19.95% from 16.39% in August, while average maturity held at 4.10 years. The two figures show different parts of the repayment schedule.
Canada’s federal debt reached CAD 1,306.1 billion on 31 March 2026, up CAD 39.6 billion from a year earlier. Over the same period, it fell from 40.7% to 40.2% of GDP. The ledger shows both measures for 31 fiscal years.
Chile’s Budget Directorate reported gross central government debt of 44.7% of GDP at the end of September 2026, up from a revised 43.0% in June. Consolidated Treasury assets reached 6.0% of GDP and the net financial position was minus 38.7%. The September report puts all three quarter-end ratios on its updated GDP basis.
China reported CNY 60.654 trillion of local government debt at the end of September 2026. Special debt accounted for 70.2%, and special bonds had longer issuance terms than general bonds.
Eurostat put euro-area general government debt at 88.8% of GDP and the EU total at 82.9% at the end of June 2026. Greece and Italy had the highest ratios, although they moved in opposite directions over the preceding year. The release reports all 27 member countries on the same basis.
Agence France Trésor’s 2024 allocation report matches EUR 14.172 billion in green government bond proceeds with eligible expenditure. Multi-sector spending was the largest grouping at EUR 3.732 billion, followed by energy at EUR 2.878 billion and building at EUR 2.706 billion.
Ghana’s central government debt, including government-guaranteed debt, stood at GHS719.52 billion at the end of June 2026. The Ministry of Finance put the domestic share at 54.4%, up from 50.9% a year earlier. The domestic and external balances both rose in cedi terms over the year, with the domestic balance accounting for about three quarters of the total increase.
India’s Receipt Budget estimates net central government liabilities at ₹214.82 lakh crore at March 2027, up from a revised estimate of ₹197.18 lakh crore for March 2026. The statement shows the different roles of internal debt, external debt and other liabilities.
Ireland’s Central Statistics Office reported EUR 209.9 billion of gross general government debt and EUR 138.4 billion of net debt at the end of 2025. The difference between the rounded balances was EUR 71.5 billion. Net debt subtracts qualifying assets from the gross figure.
Italy’s general government debt fell EUR 6.148 billion in August. Medium- and long-term securities fell EUR 17.741 billion while several other instruments increased.
Japan’s Ministry of Finance reported JPY 1,323.36 trillion in central government debt at 30 September 2026. The total fell by JPY 23.32 trillion from June, while the stock of government bonds increased.
The World Bank records USD 5.29 billion in Kenya’s public and publicly guaranteed external debt service in 2024. That was 25.70% of exports of goods, services and primary income, below the 34.06% recorded in 2019.
Malaysia reported MYR 1.379 trillion in federal government debt at the end of June 2026. Malaysian Government Securities and Malaysian Government Investment Issues accounted for almost 98% of the total together. Offshore borrowing fell to MYR 16.668 billion from MYR 21.116 billion at the end of 2025.
New Zealand Treasury reported net core Crown debt of NZD 193.176 billion at the end of September 2026 against a NZD 193.020 billion forecast. Gross debt was about NZD 1.6 billion above forecast.
Nigeria reported NGN 166.788 trillion of public debt at June 2026. Domestic debt made up 54.91% of the total. Federal debt accounted for most of both categories.
The Philippines reported PHP 6.412 trillion in external national government debt at the end of September 2026, equivalent to USD 102.426 billion. Since December 2025, the balance rose 14.67% in pesos and 7.69% in dollars. The Bureau of the Treasury’s conversion rate changed over the same period.
Poland’s Ministry of Finance reported PLN 2.249 trillion of State Treasury debt at the end of August 2026. Residents held PLN 1.627 trillion, or 72.3%. Non-residents held PLN 622.0 billion, including PLN 201.6 billion of instruments issued in the domestic market.
South Africa’s National Treasury recalculated its 2025/26 debt-to-GDP ratio at 74.6%, down from 78.4% in the October budget statement. Statistics South Africa’s higher nominal GDP estimate changed the denominator. Treasury kept its rand debt projections unchanged in this recalculation.
Spain had €1.763 trillion of consolidated general government debt at the end of June 2026. Debt securities accounted for €1.572 trillion, or 89.2% of that stock. Loans contributed €185.1 billion and currency and deposits €5.6 billion.
The Office for National Statistics provisionally put UK public sector net debt at GBP 3,005.0 billion in September 2026. That was higher than a year earlier in pounds but lower as a share of GDP.
The U.S. Treasury recorded USD 40.17 trillion in total outstanding debt on 30 September 2026, up USD 2.53 trillion from the previous fiscal year-end. The ledger shows the annual balance and change for each year from 2000.
The Congressional Budget Office reported $1.142 trillion in net interest on the U.S. public debt in fiscal 2026. That was $114 billion more than in fiscal 2025 and represented about 15.44% of federal outlays. The figures use the November year-end review after Treasury’s September statement.
The US Treasury reported USD 9,331.7 billion of foreign Treasury-security holdings at the end of August 2026, up USD 82.6 billion from August 2025. Japan and the United Kingdom were the largest individually listed locations. The numbers come primarily from custodian reports.
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